Course: Chemistry

Course: Chemistry


by: Salman Khan , Khan Academy subject: Chemistry


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Course description

Videos on chemistry (roughly covering a first-year high school or college course).

Lectures

Lecture: Introduction to the Atom

Lecture #1: Introduction to the Atom...

The atom, proton, neutron and electron....

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Lecture: Orbitals

Lecture #2: Orbitals...

An introduction to orbitals....

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Lecture: More on Orbitals and Electron Configuration

Lecture #3: More on Orbitals and Electron Configuration...

More intuition on orbitals. Touching on electron configuration. ...

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Lecture: Electron Configuration 1

Lecture #4: Electron Configuration 1...

Introduction to using the periodic table to determine electron configuration....

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Lecture: Electron Configuration 2

Lecture #5: Electron Configuration 2...

Figuring out configurations for the d-block elements....

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Lecture: Valence Electrons

Lecture #6: Valence Electrons...

Looking at valence electrons to figure out reactivity....

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Lecture: Groups of the Periodic Table

Lecture #7: Groups of the Periodic Table...

Properties of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals. Halogens and noble g...

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Lecture: Periodic Table Trends: Ionization

Lecture #8: Periodic Table Trends: Ionization...

What an ion is. Using the periodic table to understand how difficult it is to io...

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Lecture: Other Periodic Table Trends

Lecture #9: Other Periodic Table Trends...

Electronegativity, metallic nature and atomic radius. ...

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Lecture: Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonds

Lecture #10: Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonds...

Introduction to ionic, covalent, polar covalent and metallic bonds. ...

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Lecture: Molecular and Emperical Formulas

Lecture #11: Molecular and Emperical Formulas...

Introduction to molecular and empirical formulas. Calculating molecular mass. ...

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Lecture: The Mole and Avogadro's Number

Lecture #12: The Mole and Avogadro's Number...

Introduction to the idea of a mole as a number (vs. an animal)....

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Lecture: Formula From Mass Composition

Lecture #13: Formula From Mass Composition...

Figuring out the empirical formula from a molecules mass composition....

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Lecture: Another Mass Composition Problem

Lecture #14: Another Mass Composition Problem...

Another exercise converting a mass composition to an empirical formula. ...

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Lecture: Balancing Chemical Equations

Lecture #15: Balancing Chemical Equations...

The art of balancing equations in chemistry! ...

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Lecture: Stoichiometry

Lecture #16: Stoichiometry...

Introduction to stoichiometry....

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Lecture: Stoichiometry: Limiting Reagent

Lecture #17: Stoichiometry: Limiting Reagent...

Stoichiometry problem where we have a limiting reagent! ...

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Lecture: Ideal Gas Equation: PV=nRT

Lecture #18: Ideal Gas Equation: PV=nRT...

Intuition behind the ideal gas equation: PV=nRT. ...

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Lecture: Ideal Gas Equation Example 1

Lecture #19: Ideal Gas Equation Example 1...

Figuring out the number of moles of gas we have using the ideal gas equation: PV...

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Lecture: Ideal Gas Equation Example 2

Lecture #20: Ideal Gas Equation Example 2...

PV/T is a constant. Figuring out the volume of an ideal gas at standard temperat...

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Lecture: Ideal Gas Equation Example 3

Lecture #21: Ideal Gas Equation Example 3...

Figuring out the mass of Oxygen we have. ...

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Lecture: Ideal Gas Equation Example 4

Lecture #22: Ideal Gas Equation Example 4...

Figuring out the molar mass of a mystery molecule at STP. ...

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Lecture: Partial Pressure

Lecture #23: Partial Pressure...

Figuring out the partial pressures of various gases in a container. ...

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Lecture: States of Matter

Lecture #24: States of Matter...

Introduction to the states or phases of matter. ...

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Lecture: States of Matter Follow-up

Lecture #25: States of Matter Follow-up...

More on Plasma and Hydrogen bonds. ...

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Lecture: Specific Heat, Heat of Fusion and Vaporization

Lecture #26: Specific Heat, Heat of Fusion and Vaporization...

Specifict heat and phase changes: Calculating how much heat is needed to convert...

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Lecture: Chilling Water Problem

Lecture #27: Chilling Water Problem...

How much ice at -10 degrees C is necessary to get 500g of water down to 0 degree...

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Lecture: Van Der Waals Forces

Lecture #28: Van Der Waals Forces...

Van Der Waals Forces: London Dispersion Forces, Dipole Attractions, and Hydrogen...

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Lecture: Covalent Networks, Metallic, and Ionic Crystals

Lecture #29: Covalent Networks, Metallic, and Ionic Crystals ...

Covalent Networks, Metallic, and Ionic Crystals: Some of the strongest molecular...

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Lecture: Vapor Pressure

Lecture #30: Vapor Pressure...

Vapor Pressure, Volatility, and Evaporation....

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Lecture: Suspensions, Colloids and Solutions

Lecture #31: Suspensions, Colloids and Solutions ...

Suspensions, Colloids and Solutions. The difference between Molarity and Molalit...

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Lecture: Solubility

Lecture #32: Solubility...

Solubility of salt and gas solutes in liquid solvent. ...

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Lecture: Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Supression

Lecture #33: Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Supression ...

Raising or lowering the boiling or freezing point of a solution by adding solute...

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Lecture: Introduction to Kinetics

Lecture #34: Introduction to Kinetics...

Kinetics, activation energy, activated complex and catalysts. ...

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Lecture: Reactions in Equilibrium

Lecture #35: Reactions in Equilibrium...

Equilibrium reactions and constants. ...

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Lecture: Mini-video on Ion Size

Lecture #36: Mini-video on Ion Size...

Correcting a mistake and learning a bit about ion size....

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Lecture: Keq Intuition

Lecture #37: Keq Intuition...

A probabilistic look at how molecules react to develop the intuition behind the ...

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Lecture: Keq Derivation Intuition

Lecture #38: Keq Derivation Intuition...

A more concrete attempt at showing how the probabilities of molecules reacting i...

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Lecture: Heterogenous Equilibrium

Lecture #39: Heterogenous Equilibrium...

Ignoring the solution or the solid state molecules when calculating the equilibr...

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Lecture: Le Chatelier's Principle

Lecture #40: Le Chatelier's Principle ...

Le Chatelier's Principle regarding the "stressing" of reactions in equilibrium....

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Lecture: Introduction to pH, pOH, and pKw

Lecture #41: Introduction to pH, pOH, and pKw ...

Autoionization of water into hydronium and hydroxide ions. pH, pOH, and pKa. ...

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Lecture: Acid Base Introduction

Lecture #42: Acid Base Introduction...

Arrhenius, Bronsted Lowry, and Lewis Acids and Bases. ...

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Lecture: pH, pOH of Strong Acids and Bases

Lecture #43: pH, pOH of Strong Acids and Bases...

Calculating the pH or pOH of strong acids and bases. ...

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Lecture: pH of a Weak Acid

Lecture #44: pH of a Weak Acid...

Calculating the pH of a weak acid....

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Lecture: pH of a Weak Base

Lecture #45: pH of a Weak Base...

pH of .2 M of NH3 (weak base). ...

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Lecture: Conjugate Acids and Bases

Lecture #46: Conjugate Acids and Bases...

Introduction to conjugate acids and bases. ...

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Lecture: pKa and pKb Relationship

Lecture #47: pKa and pKb Relationship ...

The pKa and pKb relationship between conjugate acids and bases (both of which ar...

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Lecture: Buffers and Hendersen-Hasselbalch

Lecture #48: Buffers and Hendersen-Hasselbalch ...

Buffers and the Hendersen-Hasselbalch equation. ...

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Lecture: Strong Acid Titration

Lecture #49: Strong Acid Titration...

Strong acid titration and equivalence point....

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Lecture: Weak Acid Titration

Lecture #50: Weak Acid Titration...

Equivalence point when titrating a weak acid....

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Lecture: Half Equivalence Point

Lecture #51: Half Equivalence Point...

Figuring out the pKa of an unknown weak acid from the half equivalence point....

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Lecture: Titration Roundup

Lecture #52: Titration Roundup...

Making sure you fully understand titration curves....

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Lecture: Introduction to Oxidation States

Lecture #53: Introduction to Oxidation States...

Oxidation and reduction. Oxidation states. ...

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Lecture: More on Oxidation States

Lecture #54: More on Oxidation States...

More practice calculating oxidation states....

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Lecture: Hydrogen Peroxide Correction

Lecture #55: Hydrogen Peroxide Correction...

Correcting an error in the last video regarding hydrogen peroxide. ...

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Lecture: Redox Reactions

Lecture #56: Redox Reactions...

Oxidation reduction (or redox) reactions....

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Lecture: Galvanic Cells

Lecture #57: Galvanic Cells...

Redox reactions to drive Galvanic Cells. ...

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Lecture: Types of Decay

Lecture #58: Types of Decay...

Alpha, Beta, Gamma Decay and Positron Emission....

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Lecture: Half-Life

Lecture #59: Half-Life...

Introduction to half-life....

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Lecture: Exponential Decay Formula Proof

Lecture #60: Exponential Decay Formula Proof...

Showing that N(t)=Ne^(-kt) describes the amount of a radioactive substance we ha...

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Lecture: Introduction to Exponential Decay

Lecture #61: Introduction to Exponential Decay ...

Introduction to Exponential Decay....

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Lecture: More Exponential Decay Examples

Lecture #62: More Exponential Decay Examples...

A few more examples of exponential decay. ...

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Lecture: Macrostates and Microstates

Lecture #63: Macrostates and Microstates...

The difference between macrostates and microstates. Thermodynamic equilibrium. ...

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Lecture: Quasistatic and Reversible Processes

Lecture #64: Quasistatic and Reversible Processes ...

Using theoretically quasi-static and/or reversible processes to stay pretty much...

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Lecture: First Law of Thermodynamics/Internal Energy

Lecture #65: First Law of Thermodynamics/Internal Energy...

First law of thermodynamic and Internal Energy....

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Lecture: More on Internal Energy

Lecture #66: More on Internal Energy...

Getting more intuition of internal energy, heat, and work....

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Lecture: Work from Expansion

Lecture #67: Work from Expansion...

How a system can do work by expanding....

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Lecture: PV-diagrams and Expansion Work

Lecture #68: PV-diagrams and Expansion Work ...

Why work from expansion is the area under the curve of a PV-diagram....

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Lecture: Proof: U=(3/2)PV or U=(3/2)nRT

Lecture #69: Proof: U=(3/2)PV or U=(3/2)nRT ...

Conceptual proof that the internal energy of an ideal gas system is 3/2 PV. ...

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Lecture: Work Done by Isothermic Process

Lecture #70: Work Done by Isothermic Process ...

Isothermic and Adiabatic processes. Calculating the work done by an isothermic p...

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Lecture: Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine

Lecture #71: Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine ...

Introduction to the Carnot Cycle and Carnot Heat Engine....

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Lecture: Proof: Volume Ratios in a Carnot Cycle

Lecture #72: Proof: Volume Ratios in a Carnot Cycle ...

Proof of the volume ratios in a Carnot Cycle....

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Lecture: Proof: S (or Entropy) is a Valid State Variable

Lecture #73: Proof: S (or Entropy) is a Valid State Variable ...

Proof that S (or entropy) is a valid state variable. ...

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Lecture: Thermodynamic Entropy Definition Clarification

Lecture #74: Thermodynamic Entropy Definition Clarification ...

Clarifying that the thermodynamic definition of Entropy requires a reversible sy...

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Lecture: Reconciling Thermodynamic and State Definitions of Entropy

Lecture #75: Reconciling Thermodynamic and State Definitions of Entropy ...

Long video explaining why entropy is a measure of the number of states a system ...

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Lecture: Entropy Intuition

Lecture #76: Entropy Intuition ...

A discussion of what entropy is and what it isn't. ...

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Lecture: Maxwell's Demon

Lecture #77: Maxwell's Demon ...

Maxwell's Demon: A thought experiment that seems to defy the 2nd Law of Thermody...

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Lecture: More on Energy

Lecture #78: More on Energy...

More clarification as to what entropy is and what entropy is not. ...

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Lecture: Efficiency of a Carnot Engine

Lecture #79: Efficiency of a Carnot Engine ...

Definition of efficiency for a heat engine. Efficiency of a Carnot Engine. ...

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Lecture: Carnot Efficiency 2: Reversing the Cycle

Lecture #80: Carnot Efficiency 2: Reversing the Cycle ...

Seeing how we can scale and or reverse a Carnot Engine (to make a refrigerator)....

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Lecture: Carnot Efficiency 3: Proving That it is the Most Efficient

Lecture #81: Carnot Efficiency 3: Proving That it is the Most Efficient ...

Proving that a Carnot Engine is the most efficient engine....

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Lecture: Heat of Formation

Lecture #82: Heat of Formation...

Standard heat of formation or standard enthalpy change of formation. ...

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Lecture: Hess's Law and Reaction Enthalpy Change

Lecture #83: Hess's Law and Reaction Enthalpy Change ...

Using Hess's Law and standard heats of formation to determine the enthalpy chang...

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Lecture: Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity

Lecture #84: Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity ...

Intuition behind why spontaneity is driven by enthalpy, entropy and temperature....

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Lecture: Gibbs Free Energy Example

Lecture #85: Gibbs Free Energy Example ...

Determining if a reaction is spontaneous by calculating the change in Gibbs Free...

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Lecture: Rigorous Gibbs Free Energy/Spontaneity Relationship

Lecture #86: Rigorous Gibbs Free Energy/Spontaneity Relationship ...

More formal understanding of why a negative change in Gibbs Free Energy implies ...

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Lecture: A Look at a Seductive But Wrong Gibbs/Spontaneity Proof

Lecture #87: A Look at a Seductive But Wrong Gibbs/Spontaneity Proof ...

A look at why the "proof" of the relation between changes in Gibbs Free Energy a...

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Lecture: Stoichiometry Example Problem 1

Lecture #88: Stoichiometry Example Problem 1 ...

Figuring grams of reactants and product produced from reaction of phosphorous an...

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Lecture: Stoichiometry Example Problem 2

Lecture #89: Stoichiometry Example Problem 2...

Stoichiometry Example Problem 2....

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Lecture: Limiting Reactant Example Problem 1

Lecture #90: Limiting Reactant Example Problem 1 ...

Limiting Reactant Example Problem 1....

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Lecture: Empirical and Molecular Formulas from Stoichiometry

Lecture #91: Empirical and Molecular Formulas from Stoichiometry...

Empirical and Molecular Formulas from Stoichiometry....

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Lecture: Example of Finding Reactant Emperical Formula

Lecture #92: Example of Finding Reactant Emperical Formula ...

Example of Finding Reactant Empirical Formula....

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Lecture: Stoichiometry of a Reaction in Solution

Lecture #93: Stoichiometry of a Reaction in Solution ...

Stoichiometry of a Reaction in Solution....

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Lecture: Another Stoichiometry Example in a Solution

Lecture #94: Another Stoichiometry Example in a Solution ...

Another Stoichiometry Example in a Solution....

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Lecture: Molecular and Empirical Forumlas from Percent Composition

Lecture #95: Molecular and Empirical Forumlas from Percent Composition ...

Molecular and Empirical Forumlas from Percent Composition. Example 2.9 from Kotz...

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Lecture: Acid Base Titration

Lecture #96: Acid Base Titration...

Using acid-base titration to find mass of oxalic acid....

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Lecture: Spectrophotometry Introduction

Lecture #97: Spectrophotometry Introduction ...

Spectrophotometry, Transmittance, Absorbance and the Beer-Lambert Law....

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Lecture: Spectrophotometry Example

Lecture #98: Spectrophotometry Example ...

Spectrophotometry Example - Determining concentration based on absorbance. ...

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Lecture: Hess's Law Example

Lecture #99: Hess's Law Example ...

Hess's Law Example. ...

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Lecture: Vapor Pressure Example

Lecture #100: Vapor Pressure Example ...

Vapor pressure example using the Ideal Gas Law....

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Lecture: Change of State Example

Lecture #101: Change of State Example ...

Specific Heat Capacity and Enthalpy of Vaporization example....

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Editors Pick

Active Learning

The best answer to the question, "What is the most effective method of teaching?" is that it depends on the goal, the student, the content, and the teacher. But the next best answer is, "students teaching other students."

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